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Dairy Council

Nutrient richness

Nutrients in dairy

Milk and dairy foods are naturally rich sources of a wide range of nutrients. 

Milk contains high-quality protein, carbohydrate in the form of lactose, along with different fatty acids and a wide range of micronutrients including vitamins, minerals and trace elements.

Milk provides calcium, vitamin B12, riboflavin (vitamin B2), phosphorus, iodine and potassium. It also contains smaller amounts of other nutrients including vitamin A, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin D, magnesium, selenium and zinc. 

Products made from milk such as yogurt, fermented milks and cheese also contain many of the nutrients which are present in milk. Many yogurts and cheeses, for example, are natural sources of protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamins B2 and B12. Hard cheeses, in addition, also have zinc, vitamin K2 and vitamin A.

Nutrient functions

The nutrients present in milk and dairy foods are involved in a number of important functions in the body. These include the well–known benefits of calcium for bones and teeth, and protein for muscle. But dairy nutrients also play a part in nerve and muscle function, energy release, vision, blood clotting and red blood cell formation, digestion, blood pressure, skin health, the immune system, psychological function and in children’s growth.

Click for more on the nutrients in:

Milk, Cheese, Yogurt

 

Nutritional quality of the diet

Nutrient-rich dairy foods make an important contribution to the nutritional quality of the diet in Northern Ireland. They are the main providers of calcium, and dairy also makes significant contributions to the intake of many other nutrients including high–quality protein, riboflavin, vitamin B12, phosphorus, vitamin A, iodine, zinc and potassium.

In Northern Ireland, the dairy food group makes the largest contribution to the intakes of calcium, iodine, vitamin B2 and vitamin B12

Contribution (%) of milk and dairy foods to nutrient intakes in Northern Ireland

Nutrients

  • Protein

  • Calcium

  • Potassium

  • Iodine

  • Zinc

  •  Vitamin A

  •  Vitamin B2

  •  Vitamin B12*

 4–10 years

  • 21

  • 45

  • 22

  • 55

  • 23

  • 24

  • 43

  • 54

 11–18 years

  • 15

  • 378

  • 15

  • 44

  • 16

  • 18

  • 32

  • 40

Nutrients

  • Protein

  • Calcium

  • Potassium

  • Iodine

  • Zinc

  •  Vitamin A

  •  Vitamin B2

  •  Vitamin B12*

19–64 years

  • 13

  • 37

  • 12

  • 35

  • 15

  • 17

  • 29

  • 35

65 + years

  • 16

  • 43

  • 14

  • 39

  • 17

  • 15

  • 36

  • -

Reference: National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Results from Years 5–9 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2012/13–2016/17): Northern Ireland

* B12 intakes for years 1–4

Plant-based drinks

Plant-based drinks vary in their composition but none are nutritionally equivalent or interchangeable with milk.

In contrast to milk, plant-based drinks are generally low in protein (on average, around 0.5% protein versus 3.5% for milk); soy drink is an exception at around 3%.

The protein in milk is of high quality, again in contrast with the lower protein quality of most plant-based drinks. Milk is naturally rich in calcium, plant-based drinks are not, and although some plant-based drinks are fortified with calcium there is little information on the bioavailability and effects of the added calcium.

Some other nutrients which are missing or at low levels in plant-based drinks compared with milk such as vitamin B12 may also be added. There is, however, considerable variability in fortification and some nutrients such as iodine, of which milk is an important source, are not routinely added. Organic plant-based drinks are not fortified at all. Even with some fortification plant-based drinks cannot mimic the effects of the natural matrix of nutrients in milk.

Plant-based drinks vary in their sugar content but for those which have added sugar or with sugars naturally present, these are, unlike lactose, classified as free sugars. Free sugars are targeted for reduction in UK public health recommendations.

A comparative assessment of the nutritional composition of milk and plant-based milk alternatives available for sale in UK confirms that plant-based drinks are not nutritionally equivalent to milk (Clegg et al, 2021). The research found that on average milk contained more energy, saturated fat, carbohydrates, protein, vitamin B2, vitamin B12 and iodine, and less fibre and free sugars, than plant-based milk alternatives. The authors highlight potential nutritional consequences if they are considered as equivalent.

They conclude that:

“At present, plant-based dairy alternatives can be considered a practical but not nutritional replacement for dairy products.”

  • Clegg ME et al. A comparative assessment of the nutritional composition of dairy and plant-based dairy alternatives available for sale in the UK and the implications for consumers’ dietary intakes. Food Research International. 2021; 14: 110586.

Presentations on the nutrient richness of dairy from our conferences and symposia are below:

DCNI Nutrition & Health Webinar, September 2022

Associate Professor Sokratis Stergiadis, University of Reading
Comparing the nutrient composition of milk, dairy and plant-based alternatives: implications for consumers’ nutrition

Professor Jayne Woodside, Queen’s University Belfast
An update on iodine in the diet in the UK and Ireland: the role of milk and dairy

Annual Dairy Council Nutrition Lecture at Ulster University, November 2021 

Dr Sarah Booth, Tufts University

‘Vitamin K: Enthusiasm before Evidence?’ 

DCNI Nutrition & Health Conference, April 2018

Dr Alison Yeates, Ulster University
An update on iodine in the UK diet: the role of milk